From Ciprofloxacin to Carbapenems: The Changing Reality of Typhoid Treatment in Iraq

A clinical data audit from four hospitals in Najaf Governorate reveals a major shift in typhoid treatment in Iraq, with high resistance to traditional antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime. While carbapenems remain highly effective, the findings highlight the urgent need for local surveillance, evidence-based prescribing, and stronger antimicrobial stewardship.